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Climate Change and Food Security: Risks and Responses brings together evidence from the IPCC, updated by the latest scientific findings and enriched by FAO’s knowledge and experiences on the ground. It provides an overview of the cascading impacts of climate change on food security and nutrition and explores ways, providing examples, to reduce negative impacts through adaptation and resilience.

Climate Change and Food Systems: Global Assessments and Implications for Food Security and Trade covers the latest scientific and economic evidence on climate impact assessments of crop and livestock systems. The chapters cover methodological overviews of global climate impact assessments (biophysical and economic) of food systems, as well as specific model-based analyses focusing on a particular region (Africa, Europe, Asia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, South East Asia) and food systems (small grains, rice, livestock, bananas). Each chapter starts with take-home messages for non-specialist readers.

Climate Change for Forest Policy-Makers has been developed to help forest policy makers integrate climate change into existing national forest programmes, or forest policy frameworks, and to encourage consistent treatment of forestry issues in national climate change strategies and policies. It provides guidance on strategic level outcomes and operational actions for mitigation and adaptation including evidence and analysis, planning processes, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. Useful tools and information sources are also identified to assist with these operational actions.

Climate Change Guidelines for Forest Managers provides guidance on what forest managers should consider in assessing vulnerability, risk, mitigation options, and actions for adaptation, mitigation and monitoring in response to climate change. Recommended actions for climate change adaptation address impacts on: forest productivity; biodiversity; water availability and quality; fire; pests and diseases; extreme weather events; sea-level rise; and economic, social and institutional considerations. A range of mitigation actions is provided, along with guidance on the additional monitoring and evaluation that may be required in forests in the face of climate change. It also provides a list of knowledge tools and information sources.

The CCVATCH is a spreadsheet-based decision support tool that integrates local data and knowledge and current research with climate change predictions to provide an assessment of potential habitat vulnerabilities. The CCVATCH Guidance Document provides background information and assessment questions for each climate-stressor interaction and for adaptive capacity considerations to assist users with determining numerical scores for each interaction and adaptive capacity. The spreadsheet calculates scores for sensitivity-exposure, adaptive capacity and overall vulnerability.

The Index is a framework for a series of measurements to determine how vulnerable a given community or habitat type might be to climate change. This index framework was piloted in the American southwest deserts focusing on characteristic terrestrial and aquatic community types.

The Climate Impacts: Global and Regional Adaptation Support Platform (ci:grasp) is a web-based climate information service that structures information into three main categories:
– Climate change stimuli – information about changes in climate stressors: temperature, precipitation, drought and sea level rise
– Climate impacts – effects of climate change on particular ‘exposure units’. These can be sectors or geographical areas. Standardised impact analyses allow users to compare sector-specific impacts worldwide
– Adaptation measures – a database of peer-reviewed, real world adaptation projects that address specific climate impacts. Here, users can browse available information and share their own experiences with user-friendly online templates

Climate Proofing for Development is a methodological approach aimed at incorporating issues of climate change into development planning. It enables development measures to be analysed with regard to the current and future challenges and opportunities presented by climate change. It can be applied at national, sectoral, local and project level and offers a means of identifying and prioritising options for action when adapting planning to climate change and when reviewing priorities. The approach can be applied in the planning phase or when revising plans.

Climate Proofing for Development is a methodological approach with the purpose of integrating climate considerations into planning at national, sectoral, project and local levels. It facilitates climate change oriented analyses of policies, projects and programmes in partner countries, with the aim of highlighting the risks and opportunities climate change poses. By viewing development through a climate change lens, appropriate steps can be taken to decrease vulnerability and ensure that projects or programmes progress in a way that pays due consideration to the implications of environmental change. Climate Proofing for Development determines the bio-physical and socioeconomic impacts of climate change in order to plan appropriate adaptation strategies.

The Climate Ready Estuaries Coastal Toolkit is an online resource platform that provides case studies, information and technical guidance on climate change adaptation including an online tool for vulnerability assessment reports.

CREATE provides a broad framework together with general guidelines and suggestions, allowing people to assess and analyse their vulnerability and capacity, identify adaptation options and begin the planning process. CREATE is comprised of the following four components: 1) conceptual framework to help define goals and measure progress; 2) overall process of ten clearly defined steps covering capacity building, information gathering, analysis, goal setting and planning stages; 3) tools and methods ; 4) reporting format.

The Climate Risk and Adaptation Framework and Taxonomy is a standardised reporting framework that enables cities to perform robust and consistent reporting of local climate hazards and impacts, risk and vulnerability assessment, and adaptation planning and implementation as part of their compliance with the Compact of Mayors. CRAFT was developed by cities, their networks, and the organisations that serve them.

The Climate Risk Assessment for Ecosystem-based Adaptation is a guidebook developed by GIZ in collaboration with Eurac Research and United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) helps planners and practitioners in designing and implementing climate risk assessments in the context of Ecosystem-based Adaptation projects. It provides a standardized approach to assess risks within social-ecological systems based on two application examples (river basin and coastal zone management) by following the methodology of the GIZ vulnerability sourcebook (GIZ 2014) and its Risk Supplement (GIZ and EURAC 2017). It helps to improve adaptation planning by considering both ecosystem-based and conventional options in the form of integrated ‘adaptation packages’. It includes the following modules: 1) Preparing the risk assessment 2) Developing impact chains 3) Identifying and selecting indicators for risk components 4-7) From data acquisition to risk assessment 8) Presenting and interpreting the outcomes of the risk assessment 9) Identifying adaptation options The guidebook can be applied at different stages of adaptation planning, from initial baseline assessments to repeated assessments in the implementation or M&E phase.

The sector-based climate change risk assessment methodology, CRISP, was developed to carry out a Climate Risk Assessment (CRA) and screening of the UK Department for International Development (DFID) Kenya development portfolio. CRISP uses the climate science impacts as a starting point. It assesses the ‘impact’ of climate on the ‘physical environment’ and then the ‘consequence/risk/opportunity’ of that impact on each sector of the economy. The sectoral impacts are subsequently used as reference to determine the specific climate risks to those programmes that are found to be potentially most at risk. The methodology also lists adaptation options for each sector and programme.

The CVCA methodology provides a framework for analysing vulnerability and capacity to adapt to climate change at the community level and prioritises local knowledge on climate risks and adaptation strategies in the data gathering and analysis process. It is designed to be flexible so that the learning process can be adapted to suit the needs of particular users.

The Climate Witness: Community Toolkit presents 14 methodologies that are an adaptation of participatory techniques the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) South Pacific has used over the years in community resource conservation and development projects. It should give facilitators a clear sense of process when trying to illicit information specific to impacts of climate change and developing appropriate community response measures to them.

ClimateWizard is a web-based programme that enables technical and non-technical audiences alike to access leading climate change information and visualise the impacts anywhere on Earth.

Climate, Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction Integration Guidance (CEDRIG) follows an integrated approach to assess the risks for, and the unintended potential negative impacts of, a new strategy, programme or project. The guidance is divided into 3 parts: CEDRIG Light will help the user decide whether a detailed risk and impact assessment must be conducted or not. In case of a ‘yes’, CEDRIG Strategic will help the user to analyse strategies and programmes, while CEDRIG Operational will be applied to projects.

The CLUE model simulates future land use changes such as deforestation, land degradation, urbanisation and land abandonment. It model enables a spatially explicit, multi-scale, quantitative description of land cover through the determination and quantification of physical and human drivers of agricultural land use.

CoastAdapt is an information delivery and decision support framework.

COAST is a stakeholder driven process that uses a software tool to helps users answer questions in regards to the costs and benefits of actions and strategies to avoid damages to assets from sea level rise and/or coastal flooding.

Coastal Resilience is a programme, global network and associated online mapping portal on resilience, restoration and adaptation planning providing access to peer practitioners, tools, information and training, focused on nature-based solutions for reducincoastal flood risk. It covers the Caribbean, Indonesia, Australia, Central America and USA.

CoastRanger is an online educational tool for sustainable shoreline management, which allows users to manage a virtual coast within a PC-gaming–type environment (i.e. simulation on hypothetical coastline). It has been designed to explain the consequences of different management approaches on coastal processes, natural environments, and flood and coastal erosion risk. The software highlights the range of interests that need to be balanced on the coast and demonstrates the difficult decisions that have to be made in some areas. CoastRanger MS simulates typical real/world scenarios and provides information on management approaches, defence types, coastal behaviour and legislation.

The Community Protocols publication describes a process for development and implementation of community protocols on genetic resources, protected areas and forests. It also includes guidance on Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC).

This tool is used to conduct a community vulnerability assessment to a range of hazards (not specifically addressing climate change) and enables the linking of environmental, social and economic data. The risk or vulnerability analysis of communities to threats is enabled through a static GIS map overlay procedure and follows a 7 step process: 1) hazard identification and prioritisation; 2) hazard analysis; 3) critical facilities analysis; 4) social analysis; 5) economic analysis; 6) environmental analysis; and 7) mitigation opportunities analysis.

This Community-based Adaptation Costing working paper seeks to outline the theoretical and methodological foundations of the Participatory Social Return on Investment (PSROI) framework, which is designed around a participatory workshop for prioritising and planning community-based adaptation strategies, followed by an analysis of the economic, social and environmental impacts of the priority measures using a novel cost-benefit analysis framework. The paper provides case-study results from each pilot study and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the framework according to its robustness, effectiveness and scalability.

CBME is defined as “monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of community development by an interested community, so that the community can make independent choices about its own development” (World Bank, 2002). In the framework, there are five stages to the implementation, namely: 1) preparation; 2) introduction of the M&E concept to communities; 3) development of the community’s M&E work program; 4) monitor development activities; and 5) evaluate and re-appraise local development.

CRiSTAL is a project-planning tool to help users identify and prioritise climate risks and identify livelihood resources most important to climate adaptation and uses these as a basis for designing adaptation strategies.

The Ecosystem Services (ES) Toolkit provides step-by-step guidance to complete a robust, comprehensive ES assessment. This includes guidance about the information, analysis, and process that can be helpful. It offers a practical, step-by-step guide and numerous resources for further understanding and direction. The Toolkit approach is fully interdisciplinary and can be adapted as needed to each context. The Toolkit is especially relevant to professionals in the areas of environment and natural resources management. Its relevance also extends beyond these areas because the concept and measurement of ES help to integrate consideration of “the environment” in decisions that are not typically considered “environmental.” For example, it could also be useful to analysts and experts in health policy or transportation policy.

Constructing Theories of Change for Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Projects: A Guidance Document briefly outlines the key steps to constructing a theory of change model. A theory of change is a useful approach for planning, managing and monitoring the progress of a project towards its long-term goals. Application of a theory of change in supporting ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) projects is beneficial due to the complexity and uncertainty involved in implementing this conservation strategy. The theory of change approach generates a conceptual map which illustrates the pathway to change from activities to short-term outputs, intermediate and longer-term outcomes, and finally to goals. The process of articulating a theory of change by a project team can be as informative as the product itself by building consensus, improving knowledge of how activities link to results and providing clarity about assumptions being made. After going through the process, the project team should be on the same page about what the project intends to achieve, which activities are required, and what indicators are helpful for measuring and tracking progress towards long-term goals. Given the limited resources for ecosystem conservation and the urgent challenge of climate change, sound project planning and management, supported by a theory of change, is critical for achieving desired impacts.

The Corporate Guidelines for the Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services were developed under the Trends in Ecosystem Services initiative. The associated Calculation Tool for Quantifying and Valuing Ecosystem Services (DEVESE Calculation Tool) allows the quantification and valuation of eight ecosystem services: water supply; water quality regulation; regulation of liquid effluents assimilation; biomass fuel provision; global climate regulation; pollination regulation; soil erosion regulation; and recreation and tourism. The tool consists of a series of worksheets that run automatic calculations based on defined inputs to provide results in terms of dependency, impact and externality for the various ecosystem services under different scenarios.

Cost Benefit Analysis for Natural Resource Management in the Pacific: a Guide is an introductory guide to cost-benefit analysis (CBA) with a focus on the practical application in the Pacific. It sets out CBA as a seven-step process, starting from the determination of the objective of the CBA through to preparation of recommendations.

Co$ting Nature is a web based tool for analysing the ecosystem services provided by natural environments, identifying the beneficiaries of these services and assessing the impacts of human interventions.

CRiSTAL Food Security is a decision-support tool for local-level government staff and development practitioners to support climate resilience of food systems at the community level. The tool is excel-based and produces a series of automatically generated reports based on information entered into the spreadsheets.

CRiSTAL Forests is a decision-support tool that helps project planners and managers design activities that support adaptation to climate variability and change in forest-dependent communities. It helps users understand the link between a development project and its contribution to climate adaptation.

CRiSTAL Parks is a decision-support tool that helps conservationists and protected area managers identify climate risks, integrate them into their planning and help them develop adaptation strategies. It is a specialised version of CRiSTAL, which stands for “Community-Based Risk Screening Tool – Adaptation and Livelihoods,“ that focuses on protected areas (PAs) or any designated conservation zone.

This Guide to Community Vulnerability and Adaptation (CV&A) Assessment and Action outlines the various steps that will assist in the identification, analysis and development of community adaptation strategies to challenges and opportunities (risks) related to climate change. The CV&A guide is a collection of activities that provides a learning process to empower local communities to identify, analyse and develop ways and means of increasing their local adaptive capacity to current and future challenges and opportunities related to climate change.

The DFID Tools for Development of Logframes is an online resource providing an introduction to ‘logical Frameworks’, a widely used tool for design, implementation and evaluation. This resource is most appropriate for those who are new to logframes.

A toolkit providing step-by-step guidance to support the planning and design of measurable, verifiable and reportable adaptation initiatives.

The ‘Developing a Logic Model’ training guide provides a stepwise approach to logic modelling.

The Developing and Implementing an Adaptive Conservation Strategy report provides a guide for improving adaptive management and sharing the learning among conservation practitioners.

The Developing Ecosystem Services Indicators report provides a synthesis on different kinds of ecosystem services categories, and many different kinds of indicators and metrics used to monitor them in recent programmes and initiatives globally.

Developing National Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Systems: A Guidebook leads the reader through a series of questions for consideration, responses to which will provide a basis for identifying practical steps towards the adoption of a national adaptation M&E system that best suits a given country. These questions for consideration are divided into four interrelated building blocks illustrated in the figure on the left and related to: understanding the context of the M&E system, identifying the content to monitor, designing a process for operationalisation, and deciding how to present results through products that will respond to the purpose of the M&E system. This guidebook is based on examples from countries that have recently or are currently developing national adaptation M&E systems. It also builds on available publications and tools on M&E of adaptation. Although this Guidebook does not focus exclusively on M&E of the NAP process, it addresses related issues and points readers to relevant sections of the NAP technical Guidelines, as well as to M&E tools that have been specifically designed for monitoring the NAP process.

The Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) ‘Disasters and Ecosystems: Resilience in a Changing Climate’ explores the interlinkages between ecosystems, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. It was designed for disaster managers and practitioners, climate change adaptation professionals, development planners, project implementers and policy makers and students. The MOOC consists of video-presentations, special interviews, self-study readers, quizzes, a case study teaching guide, additional video resources and discussion forum. For the final (peer-reviewed) assignment, participants get to design their own Eco-DRR project.

Draft Principles and Guidelines for Integrating Ecosystem-based Approaches to Adaptation in Project and Policy Design proposes a series of draft principles and guidelines that were produced at a workshop with participation of its authors in June 2011, with the aim to serve as a foundation for planning ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation. The guidelines are suggested as an initial framework for best practices to be taken into account when designing EBA projects. The document provides a number of ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation case studies.

The DIVA model is an integrated, global model of coastal systems that assesses biophysical and socio-economic consequences of sea-level rise and socio-economic development taking into account coastal erosion (both direct and indirect), coastal flooding (including rivers), wetland change and salinity intrusion into deltas and estuaries as well as adaptation in terms of raising dikes and nourishing beaches.

ECONADAPT provides easy accessible information on the economic assessment of adaptation. The toolbox presents guidance on a range of available methods that can be used to factor in the dimensions of current climate variability and future climate change over longer periods of time and can support adaptation decision-making.

The ‘Economic Approaches for Assessing Climate Change Adaptation Options under Uncertainty’ report explains approaches for the economic appraisal of climate change adaptation options. Special emphasis is placed on the inclusion of uncertainty in the economic assessment and respective approaches. The most common and promising methodological approaches for the economic assessment of climate change adaptation options are reviewed, using evaluation criteria such as data requirements and availability. It also provides two prototypes of Microsoft Excel-based software/ programming solutions and demonstrating the usefulness of these prototypes for assessing climate change adaptation options with real or fictive data. This study focusses on methods and tools for the analysis of already defined adaptation options and their evaluation prior to implementation. These methods and tools come from various fields, such as applied climate research, climate impact research, politics, physics, biology and/or economics.

Economic Approaches for Assessing Climate Change Adaptation Options Under Uncertainty: Excel Tools for Cost-Benefit and Multi-Criteria Analysis discusses methods and tools for making decisions on climate change adaptation with a focus on economic approaches under uncertainty: Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) and Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). Additionally, two excel-based tools are provided: an CBA spreadsheet tool and a MCA spreadsheet tool. The CBA tool is designed to compare up to 3 adaptation options according to their Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). It carries out a sensitivity analysis to show the effect of different cost and benefit estimations. The MCA tool is designed to compare up to 10 adaptation options according to defined criteria, e.g. feasibility, resources needed etc. The criteria can be weighted and scored and the tool can be used to carry out a sensitivity analysis of the different criteria under different scenarios, providing a comparison of ranked adaptation measures for each scenario.

Economic Evaluation of Climate Change Adaptation Projects: Approaches for the Agricultural Sector and Beyond discusses the key challenges and solutions for carrying out project-level economic analysis of adaptation to climate change. The report draws upon various case studies to illustrate the economic analysis of on-the-ground adaptation options.